Author Archives: Robert D. E. Senior

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About Robert D. E. Senior

Fully qualified and experienced Professional English teacher / trainer UK native speaker BA (hons, first class) Linguistics and TEFL 15 years experience in UK, Spain and Austria FCE - CAE - CPE - BEC V - BEC H - TOEFL - IELTS Business, Academic and General English

“on cloud nine”

I was asked where the phrase ‘on cloud nine’, which means to be in a state of blissful happiness, originates from. So I’ve started a new category called “idiomatic expressions” and this is the first entry. This was sourced from: … Continue reading

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graphic / graphical: what’s the difference?

Another -ic or -ical adjective question came up recently. This answer is sourced from http://forum.wordreference.com/showthread.php?t=11622 from the member Focalist: graphic 1. relating to visual art, especially involving drawing, engraving, or lettering. 2 giving vividly explicit detail. 3 of or in the … Continue reading

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Relative Clauses

I’ve been promising to post on this for some time, so here it is finally. Basically everything is clearly expressed here: http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/relative-clauses and there are also exercises for you to do, with instant feedback. Nonetheless, I would like to add … Continue reading

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Independent and Dependent Clauses

This is just about the most basic concept in language. Note that every known language in the world has the ability to construct independent and dependent clauses. Knowing this fact makes your life easier when you come to learn a … Continue reading

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affect / effect: what’s the difference?

The following explanation was sourced from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-difference-between-affect-and-effect.htm: The word affect is primarily used as a verb in English. It has two main meanings, which are closely related. Affect may mean to alter the feelings of, or to change the mental state of someone or something. It may … Continue reading

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dramatic / dramatical: what’s the difference?

Dramatical:  overly dramatic eg. That outburst was entirely unnecessary. You are so dramatical! (source: http://onlineslangdictionary.com/meaning-of/dramatical)  Dramatic:  1. Of or relating to drama or the theater. 2. Characterized by or expressive of the action or emotion associated with drama or the theatre: a dramatic rescue at … Continue reading

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economic / economical: what’s the difference?

The following explanation was sourced from http://www.english-test.net/forum/ftopic9464.html and posted by Yankee on 12th June 2006: If something is economical, it saves money or resources. It’s similar in meaning to “not wasteful” eg. “An economical car uses a minimum amount of gasoline (petrol) to drive a … Continue reading

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electric / electrical: what’s the difference?

This was sourced from http://forum.wordreference.com/showthread.php?t=1620395 and adapted from the contribution by Imber Ranae dated 1st december 2009: electric = runs on electricity eg. electric car, electric fan, electric appliance, electric guitar etc. It’s also used metaphorically to mean: exciting, energetic eg. the atmosphere at the U2 … Continue reading

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higher / further education: what’s the difference?

The following explanation is taken almost verbatim from Wikipedia at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Further_education “Further education is a term mainly used in connection with education in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. It is post-compulsory education (in addition to that received at secondary school), that is distinct from the … Continue reading

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horrific / horrendous / horrible / horrid: what’s the difference?

These words are often used synonymously but there are some differences worth bearing in mind. First of all, according to http://thesaurus.com/browse/horrendous they go in decreasing degree of horror: horrific, horrendous, horrible, horrid. Indeed if we check the British National Corpus at http://www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/ we can see that there are 12 entries for “horrific … Continue reading

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